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- -- name: Lens
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- IV. Zonule of Zinn: Suspensory ligaments of the lens.
- A. Description:
- 1. Thin suspension fibers.
- 2. Collagen like glucoprotein and MPS (probably chondroitin sulfate)
- 3. Approximately 140 bundles: One on each side of every ciliary process. Each bundle contains
- some of all six types of fibers.
- B. Categories of fibers:
- 1. Orbiculo-Posterior: From pars plana (orbicularis ciliaris) to posterior lens capsule at ligament
- of Weiger.
- 2. Orbiculo-Anterior: Thickest and strongest fibers. From pars plana to anterior lens capsule
- through valley of Kuhnt. These are used for accommodation.
- 3. Orbiculo-Ciliary: Prevent forward movement of processes. From pars plana to base of ciliary
- processes. (These are auxiliary fibers).
- 4. Cilio-Posterior: Most abundant fibers. Prevent backward movement of lens. From valleys of
- Kuhnt to ligament of Weiger.
- 5. Cilio-Equatorial: From the valley of Kuhnt to the equator.
- 6. Interciliary: Between ciliary processes, holding them apart. (These are auxiliary fibers).
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- V. Crystalline lens:
-
- A. Description:
- 1. Flattened globe, biconvex.
- 2. Features: (See diagram1)
- 3. Demensions:
- a. Equatorial diameter = 10 mm.
- b. Thickness: 4 mm. in a presbyope, it thickens with accommodation.
-
- B. Histology:
- 1. Lens capsule: Thin at the poles and equator.
- a. Secreted as a basement membrane by the epithelium in embryonic development.
- b. Composed of collagen like glucoprotein.
- c. Attachments for zonule fibers are on the capsule.
- 2. Anterior epithelium:
- a. Does not cover posterior surface.
- b. Single layer of cuboidal cells.
- c. Metabolically active, getting its metabolites from the aqueous.
- d. Cells undergo constant mitosis in posterior pre-equatorial zone.
- 1. One daughter cell stays in epithelium.
- 2. Other daughter cell elongates toward poles and becomes a cell fiber.
- 3. Lens fibers:
- a. Each fiber is a single cell from pole to pole across equator.
- b. Fibers meet at sutures, at poles.
- c. Fibers pressed inward, they lose nuclei with age.d. Nuclei of fibers form bow in equatorial
- area.
- e. Each fiber is hexagonal in cross section.
- f. Cell membranes are interdigitated with all adjacent cells, there is very little intercellular
- space, this allows for plasticity for accommodation.
- g. Zones of discontinuity:
- 1. Embryonic nucleus: Spherical, develops in utero at 2-8 weeks, is formed by primary
- lens fibers, this is the oldest and densest layer, they have the highest index of refraction.
- 2. Fetal nucleus: Forms from 3 months to birth, these are the secondary lens fibers which
- develop from the anterior epithelial cells, Y-sutures are formed by them (Y-anterior
- surface, inverted Y on posterior surface).
- 3. Adult nucleus: Forms from birth on, these are secondary lens fibers, the outer cells are
- the newest (called the cortex), they are the least dense, have the lowest index of
- refraction.
-
- C. Transparency functions:
- 1. Structure
- 2. Shape
- 3. Arrangement of cells: Parallel to light rays.
- a. There are few nuclei on axis, mostly on equator.
- b. Method of suture termination will override location.
- 4. There is very little intercellular fluid, these cells are very dense.
- 5. No pigment: Does yellow with age.
- 6. Sodium/potassium balance: Prevents swelling by water.
- 7. Lack of hydration: No water gets out.
- 8. Arrangement of lens proteins: This is 33% of total weight of the lens.
-
- D. Opacities: Cataracts
- 1. Treatment is lens extraction which results in aphakia.
- a. Extracapsular surgery: Leave the posterior lens capsule in place, removal could damage the
- vitreous.
- b. Intracapsular surgery: All of the capsule is removed.
- c. Phacoemulsification: The lens is broken down by ultrasound and pieces removed by
- aspiration.
- 2. Intraocular implantation: Can be done in anterior or posterior chamber.
- 3. Caused by: Steroids, ultraviolet light, sugar shortage, age.
- 4. Physiology: 65% water, 35% protein.
- a. soluble proteins are highest in the cortex.
- b. When soluble proteins turn to insoluble proteins a cataract is formed.
- c. Cataracts have a high content of calcium ions.
-